What Human Fault Is Responsible for the Curse Placed Upon Oedipus's Family?

Mythical Greek king of Thebes

Oedipus (, ; Greek: Οἰδίπους "swollen foot") was a mythical Greek king of Thebes. A tragic hero in Greek mythology, Oedipus accidentally fulfilled a prophecy that he would end up killing his father and marrying his mother, thereby bringing disaster to his metropolis and family.

The story of Oedipus is the subject of Sophocles' tragedy Oedipus King, which is followed in the narrative sequence by Oedipus at Colonus and then Antigone. Together, these plays make up Sophocles' three Theban plays. Oedipus represents two enduring themes of Greek myth and drama: the flawed nature of humanity and an individual's role in the course of destiny in a harsh universe.

In the best-known version of the myth, Oedipus was built-in to King Laius and Queen Jocasta of Thebes. Laius wished to thwart the prophecy, then he sent a shepherd-servant to exit Oedipus to die on a mountainside. However, the shepherd took compassion on the baby and passed him to another shepherd who gave Oedipus to King Polybus and Queen Merope to raise as their ain. Oedipus learned from the oracle at Delphi of the prophecy that he would end up killing his male parent and marrying his mother just, unaware of his truthful parentage, believed he was blighted to murder Polybus and ally Merope, so left for Thebes. On his manner, he met an older man and killed him in a quarrel. Continuing on to Thebes, he constitute that the king of the city (Laius) had recently been killed and that the city was at the mercy of the Sphinx. Oedipus answered the monster's riddle correctly, defeating information technology and winning the throne of the dead male monarch – and the hand in marriage of the male monarch's widow, who was also (unbeknownst to him) his female parent Jocasta.

Detail of aboriginal fresco in which Oedipus solves the riddle of the Sphinx. Egyptian Museum, 2nd c. CE

Years afterwards, to end a plague on Thebes, Oedipus searched to find who had killed Laius and discovered that he himself was responsible. Jocasta, upon realizing that she had married her ain son, hanged herself. Oedipus and so seized two pins from her dress and blinded himself with them.

The fable of Oedipus has been retold in many versions and was used by Sigmund Freud to proper noun and give mythic precedent to the Oedipus complex.

Basics of the myth [edit]

Variations on the legend of Oedipus are mentioned in fragments past several ancient Greek poets including Homer, Hesiod, Pindar, Aeschylus and Euripides. However, the nigh popular version of the legend comes from the ready of Theban plays by Sophocles: Oedipus Rex, Oedipus at Colonus, and Antigone.

Oedipus was the son of Laius and Jocasta, rex and queen of Thebes. Having been childless for some time, Laius consulted the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi. The Oracle prophesied that whatsoever son born to Laius would kill him. In an effort to prevent this prophecy's fulfillment, when Jocasta indeed bore a son, Laius had his son'southward ankles pierced and tethered together so that he could not crawl; Jocasta and then gave the boy to a servant to abandon ("betrayal") on the nearby mountain. However, rather than leave the child to die of exposure, as Laius intended, the servant passed the babe on to a shepherd from Corinth, who and then gave the child to some other shepherd.

The infant Oedipus eventually came to the firm of Polybus, king of Corinth, and his queen, Merope, who adopted him, equally they were without children of their own. Lilliputian Oedipus was named afterwards the swelling from the injuries to his anxiety and ankles ("swollen foot"). The word "oedema" (British English) or "edema" (American English) is from this same Greek word for swelling: οἴδημα, or oedēma.

Afterward many years, Oedipus was told by a drunk that he was a "bounder", pregnant at that time that he was non their biological son. Oedipus confronted his parents (the king and queen of Corinth) with the news, but they denied this. Oedipus went to the same oracle in Delphi that his birth parents had consulted. The oracle informed him that he was destined to murder his begetter and ally his female parent. In an endeavour to avert such a fate, he decided not to return home to Corinth, but to travel to Thebes, which was closer to Delphi.

On the style, Oedipus came to Davlia, where three roads crossed. There he encountered a chariot driven by his nativity-father, King Laius. They fought over who had the right to go kickoff and Oedipus killed Laius when the charioteer tried to run him over. The simply witness of the king'south decease was a slave who fled from a caravan of slaves besides traveling on the road at the time.

Standing his journeying to Thebes, Oedipus encountered a Sphinx, who would terminate all travelers to Thebes and ask them a riddle. If the travelers were unable to answer her correctly, they would be killed and eaten; if they were successful, they would exist gratis to proceed on their journey. The riddle was: "What walks on four feet in the morning, two in the afternoon, and three at night?". Oedipus answered: "Human being: as an infant, he crawls on all fours; as an adult, he walks on two legs and; in sometime historic period, he uses a 'walking' stick". Oedipus was the first to answer the riddle correctly, and the Sphinx immune him to proceed on.

Queen Jocasta's blood brother, Creon, had announced that any homo who could rid the city of the Sphinx would be made king of Thebes and given the recently widowed Queen Jocasta's manus in marriage. This matrimony of Oedipus to Jocasta fulfilled the rest of the prophecy. Oedipus and Jocasta had four children: sons Eteocles and Polynices (run across Seven Against Thebes) and daughters Antigone and Ismene.

Many years later, a plague of infertility struck the urban center of Thebes, affecting crops, livestock, and the people. Oedipus asserted that he would end the pestilence. He sent his uncle, Creon, to the Oracle at Delphi, seeking guidance. When Creon returned, Oedipus learned that the murderer of Male monarch Laius must be brought to justice, and Oedipus himself cursed the killer of his married woman'south late married man, proverb that he would be exiled. Creon also suggested that they endeavor to find the bullheaded prophet, Tiresias, who was widely respected. Oedipus sent for Tiresias, who warned him not to seek Laius' killer. In a heated exchange, Tiresias was provoked into exposing Oedipus himself as the killer, and the fact that Oedipus was living in shame considering he did non know who his truthful parents were. Oedipus angrily blamed Creon for the false accusations, and the two argued. Jocasta entered and tried to calm Oedipus by telling him the story of her kickoff-born son and his supposed death. Oedipus became nervous every bit he realized that he may have murdered Laius and so brought about the plague. Suddenly, a messenger arrived from Corinth with the news that Rex Polybus had died. Oedipus was relieved for the prophecy could no longer be fulfilled if Polybus, whom he considered his nativity father, was now dead.

Still, he knew that his mother was still alive and refused to nourish the funeral at Corinth. To ease the tension, the messenger then said that Oedipus was, in fact, adopted. Jocasta, finally realizing that he was her son, begged him to stop his search for Laius' murderer. Oedipus misunderstood her motivation, thinking that she was aback of him because he might have been built-in of low birth. Jocasta in dandy distress went into the palace where she hanged herself. Oedipus sought verification of the messenger'due south story from the very same herdsman who was supposed to have left Oedipus to die equally a infant. From the herdsman, Oedipus learned that the baby who was raised equally the adopted son of Polybus and Merope, was the son of Laius and Jocasta. Thus, Oedipus finally realized that the man he had killed so many years before was his father and that he had married his mother.

Events after the revelation depend on the source. In Sophocles' plays, Oedipus went in search of Jocasta and institute she had killed herself. Using the pin from a brooch he took off Jocasta's gown, Oedipus blinded himself and was then exiled. His daughter Antigone acted as his guide as he wandered through the country, finally dying at Colonus where they had been welcomed by Rex Theseus of Athens. Nevertheless, in Euripides' plays on the subject area, Jocasta did non kill herself upon learning of Oedipus's birth, and Oedipus was blinded by a servant of Laius. The blinding of Oedipus does non appear in sources before than Aeschylus. Some older sources of the myth, including Homer, state that Oedipus continued to dominion Thebes after the revelations and afterward Jocasta's expiry.^[ane]

Oedipus's two sons, Eteocles and Polynices, arranged to share the kingdom, each taking an alternating i-year reign. However, Eteocles refused to cede his throne later on his year every bit king. Polynices brought in an regular army to oust Eteocles from his position and a battle ensued. At the end of the battle, the brothers killed each other afterward which Jocasta'south blood brother, Creon, took the throne. He decided that Polynices was a "traitor," and should not be given burial rites. Defying this edict, Antigone attempted to bury her brother. In Sophocles' Antigone, Creon had her buried in a rock cavern for defying him, whereupon she hanged herself. However, in Euripides' lost version of the story, it appears that Antigone survives.

Ancient sources (5th century BC) [edit]

Lekythos
Oedipus slaying the sphinx
Cloth	Pottery, gold
Created	420–400 BC
Period/culture	Attic
Identify	Polis-tis-Chrysokhou, tomb, Cyprus
Present location	Room 72, British Museum
Identification	1887,0801.46

Virtually, if not all, of our cognition of Oedipus, comes from the fifth century BC. Though these stories principally bargain with his downfall, various details still appear on how Oedipus rose to power.

King Laius of Thebes hears of a prophecy that his infant son will 1 mean solar day impale him.^[2] He pierces Oedipus' anxiety and leaves him out to die, but a shepherd finds him and carries him away.^[3] Years later on, Oedipus, not knowing he was adopted, leaves home in fear of the aforementioned prophecy that he volition kill his begetter and marry his mother.^[4] Laius journeys out to seek a solution to the Sphinx'southward mysterious riddle.^[5] Equally prophesied, Oedipus and Laius cantankerous paths, but they do not recognize each other. A fight ensues, and Oedipus kills Laius and most of his guards.^[6] Oedipus goes on to defeat the Sphinx by solving a riddle to become male monarch.^[7] He marries the widowed Queen Jocasta, unaware that she is his mother. A plague falls on the people of Thebes. Upon discovering the truth, Oedipus blinds himself, and Jocasta hangs herself.^[viii] After Oedipus is no longer male monarch, Oedipus's brother-sons kill each other.

Some differences with older stories emerge. The expletive of Oedipus' sons was elaborated on retroactively to include Oedipus and his begetter, Laius. Oedipus now steps down from the throne instead of dying in boxing. Additionally, rather than his children being by a second wife, Oedipus's children are at present by Jocasta (hence, they are his brothers besides).

Pindar'south 2nd Olympian Ode [edit]

In his second Olympian Ode, Pindar writes:^[ix]

Laius' tragic son, crossing his male parent's path, killed him and fulfilled the oracle spoken of old at Pytho. And sharp-eyed Erinys saw and slew his warlike children at each other's easily. Yet Thersandros survived fallen Polyneikes and won the honor in youthful contests and the brunt of war, a scion of assist to the firm of Adrastos.

Aeschylus' Seven Confronting Thebes trilogy (467 BC) [edit]

In 467 BC, the Athenian playwright, Aeschylus, well-nigh notably wrote a trilogy based on the myth of Oedipus, winning him the outset prize at the City Dionysia. Of the plays, Laius was the commencement, Oedipus was second, and 7 Against Thebes was the 3rd play and the only i to have survived.

In Seven Against Thebes, Oedipus's sons Eteocles and Polynices impale each other warring over the throne. Much similar his Oresteia, the trilogy would have detailed the tribulations of a House over three successive generations. The satyr play that followed the trilogy was called The Sphinx.

Sophocles' Theban plays [edit]

The three surviving works of Sophocles' "Theban plays" consist of: Oedipus Rex (also called Oedipus Tyrannus or Oedipus the Rex), Oedipus at Colonus, and Antigone. All three plays concern the fate of the Metropolis of Thebes, during and after the reign of King Oedipus,^[10] and have often been published under a unmarried cover.^[11]

Originally, Sophocles had written the plays for iii separate festival competitions, many years autonomously. Not just are the Theban plays not a true trilogy (three plays presented as a continuous narrative), they are not even an intentional series and contain some inconsistencies among them.^[x]

Sophocles also wrote other plays focused on Thebes, nigh notably the Epigoni, of which only fragments have survived.^[12]

Oedipus Rex [edit]

Every bit Sophocles' Oedipus Rex begins, the people of Thebes are begging the rex for help, begging him to discover the cause of the plague. Oedipus stands before them and swears to find the root of their suffering and to terminate it. Just then, Creon returns to Thebes from a visit to the oracle. Apollo has made it known that Thebes is harboring a terrible anathema and that the plague will only be lifted when the true murderer of old King Laius is discovered and punished for his crime. Oedipus swears to exercise this, not realizing that he is himself the culprit. The stark truth emerges slowly over the form of the play, as Oedipus clashes with the blind seer Tiresias, who senses the truth. Oedipus remains in strict denial, though, condign convinced that Tiresias is somehow plotting with Creon to usurp the throne.

Realization begins to slowly dawn in Scene II of the play when Jocasta mentions out of mitt that Laius was slain at a place where iii roads meet. This stirs something in Oedipus'south retention and he all of a sudden remembers the men that he fought and killed one day long ago at a place where three roads met. He realizes, horrified, that he might exist the man he's seeking. Ane household servant survived the set on and now lives out his old age in a frontier commune of Thebes. Oedipus sends immediately for the human being to either confirm or deny his guilt. At the very worst, though, he expects to detect himself to exist the unsuspecting murderer of a man unknown to him. The truth has non however been made clear.

The moment of epiphany comes late in the play. At the beginning of Scene III, Oedipus is still waiting for the servant to be brought into the city, when a messenger arrives from Corinth to declare that King Polybus of Corinth is dead. Oedipus, when he hears this news, feels much relieved, because he believed that Polybus was the father whom the oracle had destined him to murder, and he momentarily believes himself to have escaped fate. He tells this all to the present company, including the messenger, just the messenger knows that information technology is not true. He is the man who plant Oedipus as a babe in the pass of Cithaeron and gave him to King Polybus to heighten. He reveals, furthermore that the servant who is being brought to the urban center as they speak is the very aforementioned man who took Oedipus upwardly into the mountains equally a baby. Jocasta realizes now all that has happened. She begs Oedipus not to pursue the matter further. He refuses, and she withdraws into the palace as the servant is arriving. The erstwhile man arrives, and it is clear at in one case that he knows everything. At the behest of Oedipus, he tells it all.

Overwhelmed with the knowledge of all his crimes, Oedipus rushes into the palace where he finds his mother-wife, expressionless past her own manus. Ripping a brooch from her clothes, Oedipus blinds himself with it. Bleeding from the optics, he begs his uncle and brother-in-law Creon, who has simply arrived on the scene, to exile him forever from Thebes. Creon agrees to this request. Oedipus begs to hold his ii daughters Antigone and Ismene with his hands 1 more time to accept their eyes full of tears and Creon out of pity sends the girls in to see Oedipus one more than fourth dimension.

Oedipus at Colonus [edit]

In Sophocles' Oedipus at Colonus, Oedipus becomes a wanderer, pursued past Creon and his men. He finally finds refuge in the holy wilderness right outside Athens, where information technology is said that Theseus took care of Oedipus and his girl, Antigone. Creon eventually catches up to Oedipus. He asks Oedipus to come up back from Colonus to bless his son, Eteocles. Aroused that his son did not love him enough to take care of him, he curses both Eteocles and his blood brother, condemning them both to kill each other in battle. Oedipus dies a peaceful death; his grave is said to be sacred to the gods.

Antigone [edit]

The bullheaded Oedipus led past his daughter Antigone

In Sophocles' Antigone, when Oedipus stepped downwardly as male monarch of Thebes, he gave the kingdom to his two sons, Eteocles and Polynices, both of whom agreed to alternate the throne every year. However, they showed no concern for their father, who cursed them for their negligence. Later on the starting time twelvemonth, Eteocles refused to pace downwardly and Polynices attacked Thebes with his supporters (as portrayed in the Seven Against Thebes by Aeschylus and the Phoenician Women past Euripides). The two brothers killed each other in battle. King Creon, who ascended to the throne of Thebes, decreed that Polynices was not to be buried. Antigone, Polynices' sis, defied the club but was caught. Creon decreed that she was to be put into a rock box in the ground, this in spite of her betrothal to his son Haemon. Antigone'due south sister, Ismene, then declared she had aided Antigone and wanted the same fate, just Creon somewhen declined to execute her. The gods, through the bullheaded prophet Tiresias, expressed their disapproval of Creon's decision, which convinced him to rescind his society, and he went to bury Polynices himself. Notwithstanding, Antigone had already hanged herself in her tomb, rather than suffering the slow death of being buried alive. When Creon arrived at the tomb where she had been interred, his son Haemon attacked him upon seeing the trunk of his deceased fiancée but failing to kill Creon he killed himself. When Creon's wife, Eurydice, was informed of the death of Haemon, she also took her own life.

Euripides' Phoenissae, Chrysippus, and Oedipus [edit]

At the beginning of Euripides' Phoenissae, Jocasta recalls the story of Oedipus. Generally, the play weaves together the plots of the Seven Against Thebes and Antigone. The play differs from the other tales in two major respects. First, information technology describes in detail why Laius and Oedipus had a feud: Laius ordered Oedipus out of the road then his chariot could laissez passer, simply proud Oedipus refused to move. 2d, in the play Jocasta has not killed herself at the discovery of her incest – otherwise, she could non play the prologue, for fathomable reasons – nor has Oedipus fled into exile, only they have stayed in Thebes simply to delay their doom until the fatal duel of their sons/brothers/nephews Eteocles and Polynices: Jocasta commits suicide over the two men's expressionless bodies, and Antigone follows Oedipus into exile.

In Chrysippus, Euripides develops backstory on the curse: Laius' sin was to have kidnapped Chrysippus, Pelops' son, in lodge to violate him, and this caused the gods' revenge on all his family. Laius was the tutor of Chrysippus, and raping his student was a severe violation of his position as both guest and tutor in the house of the majestic family hosting him at the fourth dimension. Extant vases show a fury hovering over the carnal Laius every bit he abducts the rape victim.^[13] Furies avenged violations of proficient lodge in households, as can exist seen most conspicuously in such texts as The Libation Bearers by Aeschylus.

Euripides wrote besides an Oedipus, of which only a few fragments survive.^[14] The first line of the prologue recalled Laius' hubristic activity of conceiving a son against Apollo'south command. At some point in the action of the play, a character engaged in a lengthy and detailed description of the Sphinx and her riddle – preserved in five fragments from Oxyrhynchus, P.Oxy. 2459 (published by Eric Gardner Turner in 1962).^[15] The tragedy featured also many moral maxims on the theme of marriage, preserved in the Anthologion of Stobaeus. The most hit lines, all the same, state that in this play Oedipus was blinded by Laius' attendants and that this happened earlier his identity as Laius' son had been discovered, therefore marking important differences with the Sophoclean handling of the myth, which is at present regarded every bit the 'standard' version. Many attempts accept been fabricated to reconstruct the plot of the play, but none of them is more than hypothetical, because of the scanty remains that survive from its text and of the total absence of aboriginal descriptions or résumés – though it has been suggested that a role of Hyginus' narration of the Oedipus myth might in fact derive from Euripides' play. Some echoes of the Euripidean Oedipus have been traced also in a scene of Seneca'south Oedipus (encounter below), in which Oedipus himself describes to Jocasta his adventure with the Sphinx.^[16]

Other playwrights [edit]

At least three other 5th-century BC authors who were younger than Sophocles wrote plays about Oedipus. These include Achaeus of Eretria, Nichomachus and the elder Xenocles.^[17]

Subsequently additions [edit]

The Bibliotheca, a Roman-era mythological handbook, includes a riddle for the Sphinx, borrowing the verse of Hesiod:

What is that which has one voice and withal becomes 4-footed and two-footed and three-footed? ^[18]

Later add-on to Aeschylus' Vii against Thebes [edit]

Due to the popularity of Sophocles'due south Antigone (c. 442 BC), the ending (lines 1005–78) of Seven confronting Thebes was added some fifty years afterward Aeschylus' decease.^[19] Whereas the play (and the trilogy of which it is the last play) was meant to terminate with somber mourning for the expressionless brothers, the spurious ending features a herald announcing the prohibition against burial Polynices, and Antigone's declaration that she will defy that edict.

Post-Classical literature [edit]

Oedipus was a figure who was too used in the Latin literature of aboriginal Rome. Julius Caesar wrote a play on Oedipus, but it has not survived into modernistic times.^[twenty] Ovid included Oedipus in Metamorphoses, just only every bit the person who defeated the Sphinx. He makes no mention of Oedipus's troubled experiences with his begetter and mother. Seneca the Younger wrote his ain play on the story of Oedipus in the offset century Advertizement. It differs in significant ways from the work of Sophocles.

Some scholars have argued that Seneca'southward play on the myth was intended to be recited at private gatherings and non really performed. It has however been successfully staged since the Renaissance. It was adapted by John Dryden in his very successful heroic drama Oedipus, licensed in 1678. The 1718 Oedipus was also the first play written by Voltaire. A version of Oedipus by Frank McGuinness was performed at the National Theatre in late 2008, starring Ralph Fiennes and Claire Higgins.

In 1960, Immanuel Velikovsky (1895–1979) published a volume chosen Oedipus and Akhnaton which made a comparison betwixt the stories of the legendary Greek figure, Oedipus, and the historic Egyptian Male monarch of Thebes, Akhnaton. The book is presented as a thesis that combines with Velikovsky'south series Ages in Chaos, concluding through his revision of Egyptian history that the Greeks who wrote the tragedy of Oedipus may have penned it in likeness of the life and story of Akhnaton, because in the revision Akhnaton would have lived much closer to the fourth dimension when the legend outset surfaced in Hellenic republic, providing a historical footing for the story. Each of the major characters in the Greek story are identified with the people involved in Akhnaton's family and court, and some interesting parallels are fatigued.

In the late 1960s Ola Rotimi published a novel and play, The Gods Are Not To Arraign, which retell the Oedipus myth happening in the Yoruba kingdom.^[21]

In 2011, U.S. author David Guterson published his Oedipus-inspired novel "Ed King".^{[ citation needed ]}

Oedipus circuitous [edit]

Sigmund Freud used the proper name "the Oedipus complex" to explain the origin of certain neuroses in babyhood. It is divers as a male child'south unconscious desire for the sectional love of his mother. This desire includes jealousy towards the father and the unconscious wish for that parent'southward death, equally well as the unconscious want for sexual intercourse with the mother. Oedipus himself, every bit portrayed in the myth, did non suffer from this neurosis – at least, not towards Jocasta, whom he only met as an adult (if annihilation, such feelings would accept been directed at Merope – merely there is no hint of that). Freud reasoned that the ancient Greek audience, which heard the story told or saw the plays based on it, did know that Oedipus was actually killing his male parent and marrying his mother; the story being continually told and played therefore reflected a preoccupation with the theme.^[22]

The term oedipism is used in medicine for serious self-inflicted eye injury, an extremely rare form of severe self-harm.

Notes [edit]

^ Wilson, Christopher. "Oedipus: The message in the myth", The Open University
^ Euripides, Phoenissae
^ Sophocles, Oedipus Rex 1220–1226; Euripides, Phoenissae
^ Sophocles, Oedipus Rex 1026–1030; Euripides, Phoenissae
^ Sophocles, Oedipus Male monarch 132–137
^ Pindar, 2nd Olympian Ode; Sophocles, Oedipus Rex 473–488; Euripides, Phoenissae
^ Sophocles, Oedipus Male monarch 136, 1578; Euripides, Phoenissae
^ Sophocles, Oedipus King 1316
^ Pindar, Second Olympian Ode
^ ^a ^b Sophocles. Sophocles I: Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone. 2nd ed. Grene, David and Lattimore, Richard, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1991. pp. one–2.
^ see: "Sophocles: The Theban Plays", Penguin Books, 1947; Sophocles I: Oedipus the Rex, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone, University of Chicago, 1991; Sophocles: The Theban Plays: Antigone/King Oidipous/Oidipous at Colonus, Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company, 2002; Sophocles, The Oedipus Cycle: Oedipus Rex, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone, Harvest Books, 2002; Sophocles, Works, Loeb Classical Library, Vol I. London, West. Heinemann; New York, Macmillan, 1912 (often reprinted) – the 1994 Loeb, however, prints Sophocles in chronological gild.
^ Murray, Matthew, "Newly Readable Oxyrhynchus Papyri Reveal Works by Sophocles, Lucian, and Others Archived 11 Apr 2006 at the Wayback Auto", Theatermania, 18 April 2005. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
^ The Reign of the Phallus: Sexual Politics in Aboriginal Athenas by Eva Keuls (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1993) p. 292.
^ R. Kannicht, Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (TrGF) vol. 5.1, Göttingen 2004; run across besides F. Jouan – H. Van Looy, "Euripide. tome 8.2 – Fragments", Paris 2000
^ Reviewed by Hugh Lloyd-Jones in "Gnomon" 35 (1963), pp. 446–447
^ Joachim Dingel, in "Museum Helveticum" 27 (1970), 90–96
^ Burian, P. (2009). "Inconclusive Conclusion: the Catastrophe(due south) of Oedipus Tyrannus". In Goldhill, S.; Hall, E. (eds.). Sophocles and the Greek Tragic Tradition. Cambridge University Press. p. 100. ISBN978-0-521-88785-4.
^ Bibliotheca III.5.7
^ Encounter (e.g.) Dark-brown 1976, 206–xix.
^ E.F. Watling'due south Introduction to Seneca: Four Tragedies and Octavia
^ Rotimi O., The Gods are Not to Blame, Three Crown Books, Nigeria 1974
^ Bruno Bettelheim (1983). Freud and Man's Soul . Knopf. ISBN0-394-52481-0.

References [edit]

Brown, A.Fifty. "The End of the Seven against Thebes" The Classical Quarterly 26.2 (1976) 206–nineteen.
Carloni, Glauco and Nobili, Daniela. La Mamma Cattiva: fenomenologia, antropologia e clinica del figlicidio (Rimini, 2004).
Dallas, Ian, Oedipus and Dionysus, Freiburg Printing, Granada 1991. ISBN 1-874216-02-nine.
Graves, Robert, The Greek Myths
Lowell, Edmunds, Oedipus. (Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World), London/New York: Routledge, 2006. ISBN 978-0-415-32935-4.
Smith, William; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). "Oe'dipus"
Gaillard, T. Tony, Transgenerational Healing of Oedipus at Colonus, Genesis Editions (2020), Geneva, ISBN 9782940540358, Excerpt on academia.edu

External links [edit]

Lewis E 164 Oedipi et Sphingis dialogus (Dialogues betwixt Oedipus and the Sphinx) at OPenn

Regnal titles
Preceded by Laius	Mythical Rex of Thebes	Succeeded by Creon

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedipus